Philosophical Intuitions Are Surprisingly Stable across Both Demographic Groups and Situations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14394/filnau.2021.0007Słowa kluczowe:
experimental philosophy, cross-cultural, intuitionsAbstrakt
In the early years of experimental philosophy, a number of studies seemed to suggest that people’s philosophical intuitions were unstable. Some studies seemed to suggest that philosophical intuitions were unstable across demographic groups; others seemed to suggest that philosophical intuitions were unstable across situations. Now, approximately two decades into the development of experimental philosophy, we have much more data concerning these questions. The data available now appear to suggest that philosophical intuitions are actually quite stable. In particular, they suggest that philosophical intuitions are surprisingly stable across both demographic groups and situations.
Bibliografia
Alicke M. D., Rose D., Bloom D. (2011), “Causation, Norm Violation, and Culpable Control,” The Journal of Philosophy 108, 670-696. https://doi.org/10.5840/jphil20111081238
Aristotle (1999/340 BCE), Nicomachean Ethics, T. H. Irwin (ed. and trans.), Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
Bartels D. M., Pizarro D. A. (2011), “The Mismeasure of Morals: Antisocial Personality Traits Predict Utilitarian Responses to Moral Dilemmas,” Cognition 121, 154-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2011.05.010
Buckwalter W., Stich S. (2014), “Gender and Philosophical Intuition,” Experimental Philosophy 2, 307-346. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199927418.003.0013
Busch J., Bergenholtz C., Praëm S. K. (in press), “Further Insights on Fake Barn Cases and Intuition Variation,” Episteme.
Colebrook R. (2020), “Folk Classification of Moral Issues,” unpublished manuscript, Baruch College (CUNY).
Conway P., Gawronski B. (2013), “Deontological and Utilitarian Inclinations in Moral Decision Making: A Process Dissociation Approach,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 104, 216-235. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031021
Cova F., Olivola C. Y., Machery E., Stich S., Rose D., Alai M., …, Cheon H. (2019), “De pulchritudine non est disputandum? A Cross-Cultural Investigation of the Alleged Intersubjective Validity of Aesthetic Judgment,” Mind & Language 34(3), 317-338. https://doi.org/10.1111/mila.12210
Cova F., Strickland B., Abatista A., Allard A., Andow J., Attie M., …, Cushman F. (2021), “Estimating the Reproducibility of Experimental Philosophy,” Review of Philosophy and Psychology 12, 9-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-018-0400-9
Cushman F., Mele A. (2008), “Intentional Action: Two-and-a-half Folk Concepts?” [in:] J. Knobe, S. Nichols (eds.), Experimental Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 171-188.
De Brigard F. (2010), “If You Like It, Does It Matter if It’s Real?,” Philosophical Psychology 23, 43-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515080903532290
De Freitas J., Sarkissian H., Newman G. E., Grossmann I., De Brigard F., Luco A., Knobe J. (2018), “Consistent Belief in a Good True Self in Misanthropes and Three Interdependent Cultures,” Cognitive Science 42, 134-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12505
Demaree-Cotton J. (2016), “Do Framing Effects Make Moral Intuitions Unreliable?,” Philosophical Psychology 29, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2014.989967
DeRose K. (2017), The Appearance of Ignorance: Knowledge, Skepticism, and Context, vol. 2, Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199564477.001.0001
Devitt M., Porot N. (2018), “The Reference of Proper Names: Testing Usage and Intuitions,” Cognitive Science 42, 1552-1585. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12609
Dranseika V., Lauraityte. E., Experimental Jurisprudence Cross-cultural Study Swap Consortium (unpublished data), “Cross-cultural Replication of Tobia (2016).”
Eskine K. J., Kacinik N. A., Prinz J. J. (2011), “A Bad Taste in the Mouth: Gustatory Disgust Influences Moral Judgment,” Psychological Science 22, 295-299. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611398497
Feltz A., Cokely E. T. (2008), “The Fragmented Folk: More Evidence of Stable Individual Differences in Moral Judgments and Folk Intuitions” [in:] B. C. Love, K. McRae, V. M. Sloutsky (eds.), Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society, 1771-1776.
Feltz A., Cova F. (2014), “Moral Responsibility and Free Will: A Meta-analysis,” Consciousness and Cognition 30, 234-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.08.012
Frederick S. (2005), “Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 19(4), 25-42. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533005775196732
Ghelfi E., Christopherson C. D., Urry H. L., Lenne R. L., Legate N., Fischer M. A., …, Sullivan D. (2020), “Reexamining the Effect of Gustatory Disgust on Moral Judgment: A Multi-lab Direct Replication of Eskine, Kacinik, and Prinz (2011),” Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 3(1), 3-23.
Gilbert D. T., Tafarodi R. W., Malone P. S. (1993), “You Can’t Not Believe Everything You Read,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65(2), 221-233. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.221
Goodwin G. P., Darley J. M. (2008), “The Psychology of Meta-ethics: Exploring Objectivism,” Cognition 106, 1339-1366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2007.06.007
Greene J. D., Sommerville R. B., Nystrom L. E., Darley J. M., Cohen J. D. (2001), “An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment,” Science 293(5537), 2105-2108. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1062872
Greene J. D., Morelli S. A., Lowenberg K., Nystrom L. E., Cohen J. D. (2008), “Cognitive Load Selectively Interferes with Utilitarian Moral Judgment,” Cognition 107(3), 1144-1154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2007.11.004
Haidt J., Koller S. H., Dias M. G. (1993), “Affect, Culture, and Morality, or Is It Wrong to Eat your Dog?,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65(4), 613-628. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.4.613
Hannikainen I. R., Machery E., Rose D., Stich S., Olivola C. Y., Sousa P., …, Berniūnas R. (2019), “For Whom Does Determinism Undermine Moral Responsibility? Surveying the Conditions for Free Will across Cultures,” Frontiers in Psychology 10, 2428. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02428
Hannikainen I. R., Tobia K., Almeida G., Dranseika V., Kneer M., Strohmaier N. Janik, B. M., Próchnicki M., Bystranowski P., Aguiar F., Dolinina K., Rosas A., Struchiner N. (in press), “Are There Cross-Cultural Legal Principles? Modal Reasoning Uncovers Procedural Constraints on Law,” Cognitive Science.
Heiphetz L., Young L. L. (2017), “Can only One Person be Right? The Development of Objectivism and Social Preferences Regarding Widely Shared and Controversial Moral Beliefs,” Cognition 167, 78-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2016.05.014
Inbar Y., Pizarro D. A., Bloom P. (2009), “Conservatives Are More Easily Disgusted than Liberals,” Cognition and Emotion 23, 714-725. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930802110007
Inbar Y., Pizarro D. A., Knobe J., Bloom P. (2009), “Disgust Sensitivity Predicts Intuitive Disapproval of Gays,” Emotion 9(3), 435-439. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015960
Johnson D. J., Cheung F., Donnellan M. B. (2014), “Does Cleanliness Influence Moral Judgments? A Direct Replication of Schnall, Benton, and Harvey (2008),” Social Psychology 45(3), 209-215. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000186
Kahan D. M. (1999), “The Progressive Appropriation of Disgust,” The Passions of Law 63, 63-65.
Kelly D. (2011), Yuck!: The Nature and Moral Significance of Disgust, Cambridge, MA–London: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8303.001.0001
Kim M., Yuan Y. (2015), “No Cross-Cultural Differences in the Gettier Car Case Intuition: A Replication Study of Weinberg et al. 2001,” Episteme 12(3), 355-361. https://doi.org/10.1017/epi.2015.17
Klein R. A., Vianello M., Hasselman F., Adams B. G., Adams Jr. R. B., Alper S., …, Batra R. (2018), “Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability across Samples and Settings,” Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 1(4), 443-490. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918810225
Klein R. A., Cook C. L., Ebersole C. R., Vitiello C., Nosek B. A., Chartier C. R., …, Cromar R. (2019), “Many Labs 4: Failure to Replicate Mortality Salience Effect With and Without Original Author Involvement,” unpublished manuscript. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/vef2c
Kneer M. (2021), “A Cross-cultural Exploration of What We Expect of Each Other in Linguistic Communication,” unpublished manuscript, Zurich: University of Zurich.
Kneer M., Hannikainen I. R., Almeida G., Aguiar F., Bystranowski P., Dranseika V., Janik B. M., Garcia Olier J., Güver L., Liefgreen A., Tobia K., Próchnicki M., Rosas A., Skoczeń I., Strohmaier N., Struchiner N. (2021), “Outcome Effects on Mental State Ascriptions across Cultures,” unpublished manuscript, Zurich: University of Zurich.
Kneer M., Colaço D., Alexander J., Machery E. (in press), “On Second Thought: Reflections on the Reflection Defense,” Oxford Studies in Experimental Philosophy.
Kneer M., Olivola C. Y., Kim H., Machery E., Stich S. P., Rose D., …, Zhu J. (in prep. a), “The Action/Omission Distinction across Cultures,” Zurich: University of Zurich.
Kneer M., Machery E., Stich S. P., Rose D., Alai M., Angelucci A., …, Zhu J. (in prep. b), Moral luck across cultures, Zurich: University of Zurich.
Knobe J. (2019), “Philosophical Intuitions Are Surprisingly Robust across Demographic Differences,” Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 56(2), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.5840/eps201956225
Knobe J. (2020), “Difference and Robustness in the Patterns of Philosophical Intuition across Demographic Groups,” unpublished manuscript, Yale University.
Kripke S. A. (1972), “Naming and Necessity” [in:] Semantics of Natural Language, Dordrecht: Springer, 253-355. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-2557-7_9
Landy J. F., Goodwin G. P. (2015), “Does Incidental Disgust Amplify Moral Judgment? A Meta-analytic Review of Experimental Evidence,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 10, 518-536. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615583128
Lanteri A., Chelini C., Rizzello S. (2008), “An Experimental Investigation of Emotions and Reasoning in the Trolley Problem,” Journal of Business Ethics 83(4), 789-804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9665-8
Lehrer K. (1990), Theory of Knowledge, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Leslie A. M., Knobe J., Cohen A. (2006), “Acting Intentionally and the Side-Effect Effect: Theory of Mind and Moral Judgment,” Psychological Science 17, 421-427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01722.x
Lin Z., Yu J., Zhu L. (2019), “Norm Status, rather than Norm Type or Blameworthiness, Results in the Side-Effect Effect,” PsyCh Journal 8, 513-519. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.292
Machery E. (2015), The Illusion of Expertise [in:] Experimental Philosophy, Rationalism, and Naturalism: Rethinking Philosophical Method, E. Fisher, J. Collins (eds.), Routledge, 188-203.
Machery E., Mallon R., Nichols S., Stich S. P. (2004), “Semantics, Cross-cultural Style,” Cognition 92, B1-B12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2003.10.003
Machery E., Stich S., Rose D., Chatterjee A., Karasawa K., Struchiner N., …, Hashimoto T. (2017a), “Gettier Across Cultures 1,” Noûs 51(3), 645-664. https://doi.org/10.1111/nous.12110
Machery E., Stich S., Rose D., Alai M., Angelucci A., Berniūnas R., …, Cohnitz D. (2017b), “The Gettier Intuition from South America to Asia,” Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research 34(3), 517-541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40961-017-0113-y
Machery E., Stich S. (2020), “Demographic Differences in Philosophical Intuition: A Reply to Joshua Knobe,” unpublished manuscript.
Mallon R., Machery E., Nichols S., Stich S. (2009), “Against Arguments from Reference,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 79, 332-356. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1933-1592.2009.00281.x
May J. (2014), “On the Very Concept of Free Will,” Synthese 191, 2849-2866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-014-0426-1
May J. (2018), Regard for Reason in the Moral Mind, Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811572.001.0001
McCarthy R. J., Skowronski J. J., Verschuere B., Meijer E. H., Jim A., Hoogesteyn K., …, Barbosa F. (2018), “Registered Replication Report on Srull and Wyer (1979),” Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 1(3), 321-336. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918777487
Michelin C., Pellizzoni S., Tallandini M. A., Siegal M. (2010), “Evidence for the Side-Effect Effect in Young Children: Influence of Bilingualism and Task Presentation Format,” European Journal of Developmental Psychology 7, 641-652. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405620902969989
Murray D., Nahmias E. (2014), “Explaining away Incompatibilist Intuitions,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 88(2), 434-467. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1933-1592.2012.00609.x
Nadelhoffer T., Rose D., Buckwalter W., Nichols S. (in press.), “Natural Compatibilism, Indeterminism, and Intrusive Metaphysics,” Cognitive Science.
Nichols S., Knobe J. (2007), “Moral Responsibility and Determinism: The Cognitive Science of Folk Intuitions,” Noûs 41, 663-685. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0068.2007.00666.x
Nussbaum M. C. (2009), Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law, Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400825943
Open Science Collaboration (2015), “Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological Science,” Science 349(6251), aac4716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716
Patil I., Zucchelli M. M., Kool W., Campbell S., Fornasier F., Calò M., …, Cushman F. (2020), “Reasoning Supports Utilitarian Resolutions to Moral Dilemmas across Diverse Measures,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 120(2), 443-460. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000281
Paxton J. M., Ungar L., Greene J. D. (2012), “Reflection and Reasoning in Moral Judgment,” Cognitive Science 36, 163-177. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01210.x
Pellizzoni S., Siegal M., Surian L. (2009), “Foreknowledge, Caring, and the Side-Effect Effect in Young Children, Developmental Psychology 45, 289-295. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014165
Pellizzoni S., Siegal M., Surian L. (2010), “The Contact Principle and Utilitarian Moral Judgments in Young Children,” Developmental Science 13(2), 265-270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00851.x
Petrinovich L., O’Neill P. (1996), “Influence of Wording and Framing Effects on Moral Intuitions,” Ethology and Sociobiology 17, 145-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(96)00041-6
Rakoczy H., Behne T., Clüver A., Dallmann S., Weidner S., Waldmann M. R. (2015), “The Side-Effect Effect in Children is Robust and Not Specific to the Moral Status of Action Effects,” PLoS ONE 10, e0132933. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132933
Rawls J. (1971), A Theory of Justice, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Rohrer D., Pashler H., Harris C. R. (2015), “Do Subtle Reminders of Money Change People’s Political Views?,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 144(4), e73. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000058
Rose D., Machery E., Stich S., Alai M., Angelucci A., Berniūnas R., …, Cohnitz D. (2019), “Nothing at Stake in Knowledge,” Noûs 53, 224-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/nous.12211
Rozin P., Lowery L., Imada S., Haidt J. (1999), “The CAD Triad Hypothesis: A Mapping between Three Moral Emotions (Contempt, Anger, Disgust) and Three Moral Codes (Community, Autonomy, Divinity),” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76(4), 574-586. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.4.574
Ruggeri K., Alí S., Berge M. L., Bertoldo G., Bjørndal L. D., Cortijos-Bernabeu A., …, Gibson S. P. (2020), “Replicating Patterns of Prospect Theory for Decision under Risk,” Nature Human Behaviour, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0886-x
Samland J., Josephs M., Waldmann M. R., Rakoczy H. (2016), “The Role of Prescriptive Norms and Knowledge in Children’s and Adults’ Causal Selection,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 145, 125. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000138
Sanchez C., Sundermeier B., Gray K., Calin-Jageman R. J. (2017), “Direct Replication of Gervais & Norenzayan (2012): No Evidence that Analytic Thinking Decreases Religious Belief,” PLoS ONE 12(2), e0172636. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172636
Sarkissian H., Chatterjee A., De Brigard F., Knobe J., Nichols S., Sirker S. (2010), “Is Belief in Free Will a Cultural Universal?,” Mind & Language 25, 346-358. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0017.2010.01393.x
Sarkissian H., Park J., Tien D., Wright J. C., Knobe J. (2011), “Folk Moral Relativism,” Mind & Language 26(4), 482-505. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0017.2011.01428.x
Schnall S., Benton J., Harvey S. (2008), “With a Clean Conscience: Cleanliness Reduces the Severity of Moral Judgments,” Psychological Science 19, 1219-1222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02227.x
Schnall S., Haidt J., Clore G. L., Jordan A. H. (2008), “Disgust as Embodied Moral Judgment,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34, 1096-1109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208317771
Schwitzgebel E., Cushman F. (2015), “Philosophers’ Biased Judgments Persist Despite Training, Expertise and Reflection,” Cognition 141, 127-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2015.04.015
Seyedsayamdost H. (2015), “On Normativity and Epistemic Intuitions: Failure of Replication,” Episteme 12, 95-116. https://doi.org/10.1017/epi.2014.27
Sinnott-Armstrong W. (2008), “Framing Moral Intuitions” [in:] Moral Psychology: Vol. 2. The Cognitive Science of Morality, W. Sinnott-Armstrong (ed.), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 47-76. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/7573.001.0001
Sommers T. (2010), “Experimental Philosophy and Free Will,” Philosophy Compass 5(2), 199-212. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-9991.2009.00273.x
Soto C. J. (2019), How Replicable Are Links between Personality Traits and Consequential Life Outcomes? The Life Outcomes of Personality Replication Project,” Psychological Science 30, 711-727. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619831612
Stich S., Tobia K. P. (in press), “Experimental Philosophy’s Challenge to the ‘Great Tradition,’” Analytica: Revista de Filosofia.
Swain S., Alexander J., Weinberg J. M. (2008), “The Instability of Philosophical Intuitions: Running Hot and Cold on Truetemp,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 76(1), 138-155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1933-1592.2007.00118.x
Tasimi A., Gelman S. A., Cimpian A., Knobe J. (2017), “Differences in the Evaluation of Generic Statements about Human and Non-human Categories,” Cognitive Science 41, 1934-1957. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12440
Tierney H., Howard C., Kumar V., Kvaran T., Nichols S. (2014), “How Many of Us Are There?,” Advances in Experimental Philosophy of Mind, J. Sytsma (ed.), New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 181-202.
van Dongen N., Colombo M., Romero F., Sprenger J. (in press), “Intuitions about the Reference of Proper Names: A Meta-Analysis,” Review of Philosophy and Psychology.
Wagenmakers E. J., Beek T., Dijkhoff L., Gronau Q. F., Acosta A., Adams Jr. R. B., …, Bulnes L. C. (2016), “Registered Replication Report: Strack, Martin, & Stepper (1988),” Perspectives on Psychological Science 11(6), 917-928.
Weinberg J. M. (2009), “On Doing Better, Experimental-Style,” Philosophical Studies 145(3), 455-464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-009-9405-7
Weinberg J. M., Nichols S., Stich S. (2001), “Normativity and Epistemic Intuitions,” Philosophical Topics 29, 429-460. https://doi.org/10.5840/philtopics2001291/217
Wheatley T., Haidt J. (2005), “Hypnotic Disgust Makes Moral Judgments More Severe,” Psychological Science 16, 780-784. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01614.x
Wiegmann A., Okan Y., Nagel J. (2012), „Order Effects in Moral Judgment,” Philosophical Psychology 25, 813-836. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2011.631995
Wiegmann A., Horvath J., Meyer K. (2020), “Intuitive Expertise and Irrelevant Options,” Oxford Studies in Experimental Philosophy, T. Lombrozo, J. Knobe, S. Nichols (eds.), vol. 3, 275-310. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852407.003.0012
Wiegmann A., Waldmann M. R. (2014), “Transfer Effects between Moral Dilemmas: A Causal Model Theory,” Cognition 131, 28-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.12.004
Yaden D. B., Anderson D. E. (in press), “The Psychology of Philosophy: Associating Philosophical Views with Psychological Traits in Professional Philosophers,” Philosophical Psychology.
Yang F., Knobe J., Dunham Y. (in press), “Happiness Is from the Soul: Origins of an Evaluative View of Happiness,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.
Yuan Y., Kim M. (in press), “Cross-Cultural Convergence of Knowledge Attribution in East Asia and the US,” Review of Philosophy and Psychology.
Zijlstra L. (2019), “Folk Moral Objectivism and Its Measurement,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 84, 103807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.04.005
Ziółkowski A. (2021), “The Stability of Philosophical Intuitions: Failed Replications of Swain et al. (2008),” Episteme 18(2), 328-346. https://doi.org/10.1017/epi.2019.20
Ziółkowski Z., Wiegmann A., Horvath J., Machery E. (unpublished), “Are Intuitions about Truetemp Unstable? A High-Powered Replication.”